Principles of Power
Table of Contents and List of Appendices
Chapter 1: The Power Imperative
Intent
Acoustics
Loudspeakers
Chapter 2: Vacuum Tubes
Early History
Vacuum Tube Diodes
Vacuum Triodes
Tetrodes
Pentodes
Beam Power Pentodes
Multi-Element Tube Standards
Multiple Tubes
Chapter 3: Power Supplies
AC Power
Power Transformers
Rectifiers
Half-Wave Rectifiers
Full-Wave Rectifiers
Power Supply Filtering
Capacitive Filters
Choke Filters
Power Supply Energy Storage
Capacitor Care and Safety
Bias Supplies
Filament Supplies
Turn-On Surge Protection
Screen Supplies
High-Voltage Regulators
Grounds
Ground-Busses, Stars and Planes
Fans
Stand-By Switches
Cathode Switching
Screen Switching
Chapter 4: Power Amp Essentials
Voltage Amplification
Cathode Followers
Grounded-Grid Amplifier
Phase Splitters
Transformer-Coupled Splitter
Vacuum Phase-Inverters
Concertina Splitter
See-Saw Inverter
Schmitt Splitter
Differential Splitter
Schmitt Splitter
Differential Splitter
Driver Stages
Differential Driver
Cathode Drivers
Transformer Drive
Output Stages
Single-Ended Outputs
Push-Pull Outputs
Ultralinear and Unity-Coupled Outputs
Bias Networks
Cathode-Bias: Single-Ended
Cathode-Bias: Push-Pull
Fixed-Bias: Single-Ended
Fixed-Bias: Push-Pull
Operating Classes
Class-A
Class-AB
Class-B
Feedback
Open-Loop vs. Closed-Loop Performance
Noise: What It Is and Where It Comes From
Noise in Tubes
Chapter 5: Design Pool
Dissipation by Design
Circuit Influence
Tube Influence
Bias Adjustment Procedure
Single-Ended Design Procedure
Limiting Class-A Push-Pull Design Procedure
Class-A2 Design Procedure
Class-AB Design Procedure
Class-B Design Procedure
Transformer-Based Design Procedure
SE Transformers
Push-Pull Transformers
Interstage Transformers
Custom Transformer Specification
Output Transformers
Power Transformers
Transformer Shapes
Transformer Orientation
Design Examples
15 Watt Hammond 125E
25 Watt Hammond 1627SE
25 Watt Hammond 1628SE
25 Watt Hammond 1640SE
25 Watt Hammond 1650F
40 Watt Hammond 1650H
50 Watt Hammond 1650K
60 Watt Hammond 1650N
60 Watt Hammond 1650P
100 Watt Hammond 1650R
120 Watt Hammond 1650T
280 Watt Hammond 1650W
Chapter 6: Toroidal Designs
Balancing the DC Idle Currents
Four Toroidal Designs
PAT 4002 Amp
PAT 4004 Amp
PAT 4006 Amp
PAT 4008 Amp
High-Performance Diff-Splitter
Chapter 7: OTL Valve Amplifiers
OTL Principles
Output Impedance of OTLs vs.
Transformer-Coupled Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Chapter 8: Hybrid Amps
Hybrid Amp Overview
Designing the Tube Front-End
Designing the Solid-State Output
The Mosfet Solution
Biasing the Output Stage
Power Supply for the Hybrid Amp
Tube Plate Supply
Heater Supply
Output Stage Supply
Chapter 9: Tube Amplifier Protection
Power Transformer Protection
Output Transformer Protection
Current-Sense Resistors as Fuses
Electronic Protection
Mosfets as Cathode Switches
Creating a Latching Circuit Breaker
Annunciating the Fault Condition
Other Do’s and Don’ts
Appendix A: Tube Data
2A3
5AR4, GZ34
5U4GB, GZ32
5Y3GT, 5Y4GT
6BQ5, EL84
6CA7, EL34
6CG7, 6FQ7
6EU7
6L6GC, 5881
6SN7GTB
6V6GTA
12AT7, 6201, ECC81
12AX7A, 7025, ECC83
300B
811A
6080WA, 6080, 6AS7G
6550A
7027A
7199
8417
GL-211
SV811-3
SV811-10
Other Devices
6K11, 6D10
6N7/GT, 12N7/GT
6SL7/GT, 12SL7/GT
6SQ7/GT, 12SQ7/GT
35L6/GT
35W4
50C5A
7581/A
7591/A
6DJ7
5687WA
6922
Appendix B: Plitron Toroidal Transformer Data
Plitron Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Output Transformers
Plitron Output Transformers
Appendix C: Hammond Transformer Information
Hammond 125 Series – Universal Output Transformers
Hammond 1650 Series
Hammond Potted 1650 Series
Hammond SE Series Single-Ended Output Designs
Hammond 1600 Series Push-Pull Output Designs
Hammond 263 to 282 Series Replacement Power Transformers
Hammond 150/190 Series Filter Chokes
